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International Organizations
International Organizations
United Nations Organization
The United Nations is an intergovernmental organization founded on 24 October 1945. The United Nation Charter was signed on 26 June 1945, in San Francisco at the conclusion of the United Nations Conference on International Organizations. The term United Nations was first coined by the then United States President Franklin D. Roosevelt during the Second World War.
Facts about United Nations
UN has 6 major organs, namely:
- General Assembly (as of August 2019 it has 193 member states): Each year, in September, the full UN membership meets in the General Assembly Hall in New York for the annual General Assembly session.
- Security Council: It has 15 members in total, 5 members are permanent while 10 are non-permanent. Non-permanent members serve a term of 2 years.
- China was admitted in the United Nations Organization in 1971.
- Economic and Social Council: It comprises 54 Members, elected by the General Assembly for a three-year term.
- Trusteeship Council
- International Court of Justice
- Secretariat
Related Information
- There are 6 official languages of the UN, they are: Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian and Spanish.
- The UN Commission on Human Rights was replaced with the UN Human Rights Council in 2006.
- Pakistan has become a non-permanent member of the Security Council for 7 times, most recently in 2012-2013.
United Nations Observer Status
United Nation Observer Status is provided to international organizations and non UN member states. It allows these entities and non-member states to take part in the work of the UN General Assembly, though their contribution is subject to limitations.
To Date Two Countries have Observer Status
- Palestine got observer state status on 29 November, 2012 when the UN General Assembly passed resolution 67/19.
- Holy See was granted observer status on 6th April 1964.
Permanent Members of United Nations Security Council
Countries
- United States
- Russia (Formerly USSR)
- United Kingdom
- France
- China
*China was the last country to become a permanent member of the Security Council.
The Presidency of the UN Security Council rotates each month among the member States.
The non-permanent members of the Security Council are elected in the following pattern:
- 5 from African and Asian States.
- 1 from Eastern European State.
- 2 from Latin America
- 2 from Western Europe and other states.
List of Secretary Generals of UN
- António Guterres (Portuguese)
Took Office: 2017
Term of Office: 2007-2016
Term of Office: 1997-2006
Term of Office: 1992-1996
Term of Office: 1982-1991
Term of Office: 1972-1981
Term of Office: 1961-1971
Term of Office: 1953-1961
Term of Office: 1946-1952
Gladwyn Jeb (UK) served as acting Secretary-Secretary-General from October 1945-1 February 1946.
Structure of the United Nations
| Organ | Total Members |
| General Assembly | 193 |
| Security Council | 15 |
| Economic and Social Council | 54 |
| Trusteeship Council | 5 |
| International Court of Justice | 15 |
| Secretariat | 193 |
United Nations languages
United Nations has recognized a total of six working languages:
- Arabic
- Chinese
- English
- French
- Russian
- Spanish
Headquarters of UN Specialized Agencies
| UN Specialized Agency | Headquarters |
| United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees | Geneva, Switzerland |
| Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) | Rome, Italy |
| International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) | Montreal, Quebec, Canada |
| International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) | Rome, Italy |
| International Labor Organization (ILO) | Geneva, Switzerland |
| International Maritime Organization (IMO) | London, United Kingdom |
| International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Washington D.C., United States of America |
| International Telecommunication Union (ITU) | Geneva, Switzerland |
| United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) | Paris, France |
| United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) | Vienna, Austria |
| Universal Postal Union (UPU) | Berne, Switzerland |
| World Bank Group (WBG) | Washington D.C., United States of America |
| World Health Organization (WHO) | Geneva, Switzerland |
| World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) | Geneva, Switzerland |
| World Meteorological Organization (WMO) | Geneva, Switzerland |
| World Tourism Organization (UNWTO or WTO) | Madrid, Spain |
| World Trade Organization (WTO) | Geneva, Switzerland |
| International Organization for Migration (IOM) | Geneva, Switzerland |
| International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) | Vienna, Austria |
Brief Notes on Some Commonly Questioned International Organizations
Non-Aligned Movement (NAM)
NAM was established in 1961 in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. The idea of NAM was first discussed during the Asia-Africa conference held in Ban dung, Indonesia (1955). Its main founding members were Josip Tito the then Yugoslav President and Jawaharlal Nehru the then PM of India. First NAM Summit Conference was held in Belgrade, Yugoslavia in September 1961. To date it has 120 member states, 17 observer states and 10 international organizations. Its coordinating bureau is situated in New York, USA and its current chairperson is Nicolas Maduro. Its summits are held after every three years. It was established during the time of the Cold War with the aim of maintaining neutrality by either supporting or going against any world power.
SAARC
SAARC was established on 8 December 1985 in Dhaka, headquartered in Kathmandu, Nepal. It aims to promote socio-economic welfare of the people of South Asia. First SAARC summit was held in Dhaka 6-8 December 1985. Its first Secretary-General was Abul Ahsan (Bangladesh) from 16 January to 1 October 1989 and its current (14th) Secretary-General is Esala Ruwan Weerakoon (Sri Lanka). Currently it has 8 member states. The 19th SAARC summit was scheduled to be held in Pakistan from 15-16 November 2016 but it got cancelled in the aftermath of the Uri attack, India. Maldives is a member state of SAARC with the highest literacy rate.
Facts about SAARC Summits
| Name | City | Date |
| First SAARC Summit | Dhaka | 1985 |
| Second SAARC Summit | Bangalore | 1986 |
| Third SAARC Summit | Kathmandu, | 1987 |
| Fourth Summit | Islamabad | 1988 |
| Fifth Summit | Male | 1990 |
| Sixth Summit | Colombo | 1991 |
| Seventh Summit | Dhaka | 1993 |
| Eight Summit | Male | 1997 |
| Ninght Summit | Islamabad | 2016 (cancelled) |
Facts about Economic Cooperation Organization
- In 1985, the Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO) was established by Iran, Pakistan, and Turkey to promote economic, technical, and cultural cooperation among the member states
- ECO is the successor organization of Regional Cooperation for Development (RCD) which remained in existence since 1964 up to 1979. In 1992, the Organization was expanded to include seven new members, namely: Afghanistan, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyz Republic, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan
- The transport and communications sector, since the early years of ECO, is on the top of the agenda. Key documents in this field are: the Quetta Plan of Action; the Istanbul Declaration (ECO Long Term Perspectives); the Almaty Outline Plan for the Development of Transport Sector in the ECO region; the Ashgabat Declaration of 1997; the Programme of Action for ECO Decade of Transport and Communications; and the Transit Transport Framework Agreement
Largest Ambulance Service in the World
Established in 1951, Pakistan has the world’s largest ambulance service – (Guinness record) Pakistan’s Edhi Foundation, which is also listed in the Guinness Book of World Records, operates the world’s largest ambulance network.
Shanghai Cooperation Organization
Creation of SCO was announced on 15 June 2001 and its charter was formally signed in June 2002 which entered into force on 19 September 2003. Its predecessor organization was Shanghai Five Group which was established on 26 April 1996. Currently it has 8 member states, headquartered in Beijing, China. Its current Secretary General is Vladimir Norov. Pakistan became the full-member of SCO on 9 June 2017 at its summit in Astana, Kazakhstan. India is also a member of SCO. Its official languages are Russian and Chinese. SCO is usually referred to as Alliance of the East.
OPEC
Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries is an intergovernmental organization of 13 oil exporting member States, established in September 1960 at Baghdad, headquartered in Vienna, Austria since 1965. At its inception it comprised 5 member nations. OPEC aims to regulate the petroleum prices.
Former member countries of OPEC
| Country | Region | Membership Years |
| Ecuador | South America | 1973–1992, 2007–2020 |
| Indonesia | Southeast Asia | 1962–2008, Jan–Nov 2016 |
| Qatar | Middle East | 1961–2019 |
Member states of OPEC (Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries)
| Algeria | Angola | Congo |
| Equatorial Guinea | Gabon | Iran |
| Iraq | Kuwait | Libya |
| Nigeria | Saudi Arabia | United Arab Emirates |
| Venezuela |
Former member countries of OPEC
| Country | Region | Membership Years |
| Ecuador | South America | 1973–1992, 2007–2020 |
| Indonesia | Southeast Asia | 1962–2008, Jan–Nov 2016 |
| Qatar | Middle East | 1961–2019 |
SEATO
In 1954, the United States, France, Great Britain, New Zealand, Australia, the Philippines, Thailand and Pakistan formed the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization, or SEATO. It was signed in Manila. The purpose of the organization was to prevent communism from gaining ground in the region.
BRICS
BRICS, which stands for Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa, is an economic, political and regional cooperation organization, with some of the leading economies of the world. Established in 2009, BRICS has contributed to the economic infrastructure of the world with significant growth and industrialization. This organization is most appreciated for giving birth to a ‘South-South’ cooperation.
Facts about G20 Summit
- The G20, short for “Group of 20”, is made up of 19 countries: Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, France, Germany, India, Indonesia, Italy, Japan, South Korea, Mexico, Russia, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, Turkey, the United Kingdom and the United States, plus the European Union.
- Together, members account for roughly 85% of the world economy; that’s around three-quarters of global trade and two-thirds of the world’s population.
- The G20 started in 1999, following the Asian financial crisis, as a forum for finance ministers and central bank governors from the major developed and emerging economies to discuss global financial issues.
- Amid the global financial crisis in 2008, it grew into the leaders’ summit, a place where presidents and prime ministers could get together for two days to try to solve the world’s economic problems.
ASEAN*
The Association of Southeast Asian Nations is an organization that is built on the ground of promoting intergovernmental cooperation, such as economic, political, security, military, educational and sociocultural integration. It has a total of 10 members.
List of East Asia Summits
| Date | Host Country |
| 14 December 2005 | Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur |
| 15 January 2007 | Philippines, Mandaue |
| 21 November 2007 | Singapore |
| 25 October 2009 | Thailand |
| 30 October 2010 | Vietnam, Hanoi |
| 18–19 November 2011 | Indonesia, Bali |
| 9–10 October 2013 | Brunei |
| 12–13 November 2014 | Mayanmar |
| 21–22 November 2015 | Malaysia |
| 6–8 September 2016 | Laos |
| 13–14 November 2017 | Philippines |
| 14–15 November 2018 | Singapore |
| 4 November 2019 | Thailand ,Bangkok |
| 14 November 2020 | Vietnam |
| November 2021 | Brunei |
CENTO
The Central Treaty Organization (CENTO), originally known as the Baghdad Pact or the Middle East Treaty Organization (METO), was a military alliance of the Cold War. It was formed in 1955 by Iran, Iraq, Pakistan, Turkey and the United Kingdom and dissolved in 1979.
OIC
Headquartered in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
Organization of Islamic Cooperation
Member states: 57
It’s an organization which represents Muslims from across the globe and voices their economic, political and social concerns on an international level. It is the largest inter-governmental body – second only to the United Nations.
IDA World Bank
International Development Association financial institution that provides grants and loans to the poorest countries of the world that are in the developing stage.
Iran Action Task Group (IAG)
It was formed by the United States Secretary of State, Mike Pompeo in order to coordinate and run State policy towards Iran. It was created on August 16, 2018. The formation of this group was prompted after the US pulled out of the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA) which was the nuclear accord made with Iran on July 14, 2015.
Financial Action Task Force (FATF)
FATF is an intergovernmental organization which was founded in 1989 by the G7 nations with the goal to combat money laundering and terrorism financing. It is headquartered in Paris, France.
WIPO Facts (World Intellectual Property Organization)
- WIPO is one of the specialized agencies of United Nations
- WIPO was established to promote and protect intellectual property across the globe through cooperation with countries and international organizations
- WIPO initiated its operations on 26th April, 1970.
- WIPO administers 26 international treaties regarding intellectual property issues.
List of Secretaries-General of Arab League
| Name | Nationality | Term |
| Abdul Razek Azzam | Egypt | 1945 -1952 |
| Abdul Khlek Hassouna | Egypt | 1952 – 1972 |
| Mahmoud Riyadh | Egypt | 1972 – 1979 |
| Chedi Klibi | Tunisia | 1979 – 1990 |
| Dr. Ahmad Esmat Abd al Meguid | Egypt | 1991 – 2001 |
| Amr Moussa | Egypt | 2001 – 2011 |
| Nabil el-Araby | Egypt | 2011 – 2016 |
| Ahmed Aboul Gheit | Egypt | 2016 – Present |
International Organizations for Gender Equality
| Name | Year of Establishment |
| United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women (UN Women) | 2010 |
| Association for Women’s Rights in Development (AWID) | 1982 |
| Womankind Worldwide | 1989 |
| Center for Reproductive Rights | 1992 |
| Plan International | 1937 |
| Women for Women International | 1993 |
| Equality Now | 1992 |
| Women’s Environment and Development Organization | 1990 |
| Men Engage Alliance | 2004 |
| Global Fund for Women | 1987 |
| Rise Up | 2009 |
| MATCH International Women’s Fund | 1976 |
| Gender at Work | 2001 |
| European Women’s Lobby | 1990 |
| European Institute for Gender Equality | 2006 |
| PROMUNDO | 1997 |
| Gender Equality Resource Center | 2013 |
| Amnesty International | 1961 |
| International Alliance of Women | 1904 |
| Human Right’s Watch | 1978 |
| Abaad Center for Gender Equality (Abaad MENA) | 2011 |
Bread for the World Institute
*Bread for the World is a non-partisan, Christian advocacy organization based in the United States that advocates for policy changes to end hunger. Bread for the World provides resources to help individuals advocate to end hunger, which might include writing personal letters and emails to members of Congress, meeting with their members of Congress, and working in coalition with others.
International Criminal Police Organization (INTERPOL)
General Information
Formed: September 1923
General Secretary: Jüugen Stock
President: Kim Jong Yang
Headquarters: Lyon, France
Member Countries: 194
Official Languages: Arabic, English, French and Spanish.
Total Global Staff: 1000+ (police & civilian)
Introduction
Formed in 1956, the INTERPOL is an international police organization which ensures maximum cooperation between police authorities from its 194 member countries across the world. The organization does not have a formal police force and instead focuses on information sharing. Wherever INTERPOL operates, it remains politically neutral and acts within the legal confines of the member countries.
Background
INTERPOL is a successor to the International Criminal Police Commission (ICPC) which was established in 1923. It acts as a coordinating center for information on international criminal matters. The organization was reconstituted in 1956 as INTERPOL.
Focus of INTERPOL
The INTERPOL focuses on fighting global crime across three main areas:
- Terrorism
- Cybercrime
- Organized Crime
Functioning of INTERPOL
The General Secretariat of the INTERPOL is the coordinating body for all policing and administrative activities of INTERPOL.
Each member country has a National Central Bureau, and there are seven regional bureaus worldwide to facilitate the operations of the organization. These are in,
- Argentina (Buenos Aires)
- Cameroon (Yaoundé)
- Côte d’Ivoire (Abidjan)
- El Salvador (San Salvador)
- Kenya (Nairobi)
- Thailand liaison office (Bangkok)
- Zimbabwe (Harare)
Nineteen police databases are managed by the INTERPOL, which have information on crimes and criminals regarding their names, fingerprints, documents such as passports etc. This information is accessible to member countries to facilitate investigations.
INTERPOL officials help member countries in a number of activities ranging from field operations and investigative support to training and networking.
Research into international crime and related developments are also focused on within the organization.
Secretaries-General of Commonwealth of Nations – changeable
| Name | Country | Tenure |
| Arnold Smith | Canada | 1965-1975 |
| Sir Shridath | Guyana | 1975-1990 |
| Chief Emeka Anyaoku | Nigeria | 1990-2000 |
| Don McKinnon | New Zealand | 2000-2008 |
| Kamalesh Sharma | India | 2008-2016 |
| Patricia Scotland | Britain | 2016-present |
Origin of the Commonwealth
The commonwealth was created in 1926 through the Balfour Declaration of the Imperial Conference where it was recognized that these dominions (semi-independent countries) will be given equal status – it was an association of 8 sovereign independent states which later grew to include more states. First members included:
- United Kingdom,
- Canada,
- Australia,
- New Zealand,
- South Africa,
- Irish Free State,
- India
- and Newfoundland.
Organizations in Pakistan
| CHASNUPP | Chashma Nuclear Power Plant |
| APSMA | All Pakistan Cement Manufacturers Association |
| FBS | Federal Bureau of Statistics |
| NEPRA | National Electric Power Regulation Authority |
| SITE | Sindh Industrial Trading Estate |
| PPHI Sindh | People’s Primary Healthcare Initiative |
Presidents of Financial Action Task Force (FATF)
| 1989-1991 | Mr. Denis Samuel Lajeunesse, France (First President) |
| 2012 – 2013 | Mr. Bjørn Skogstad Aamo, Norway |
| 2013 – 2014 | Mr. Vladimir Nechaev, The Russian Federation |
| 2014 – 2015 | Mr. Roger Wilkins AO, Australia |
| 2015 – 2016 | Mr. Je-Yoon Shin, Korea |
| 2016 – 2017 | Juan Manuel Vega-Serrano, Spain |
| 2017 – 2018 | Santiago Otamendi, Argentina |
| 2018 – 2019 | Marshall Billingslea, United States |
| 2019 – 2020 | Xianming Liu, China |
| 2020 – 2021 | Dr Marcus Pleyer, Germany |
| 2022 | Raja Kumar, Singapore |
FATF Member Nations
- Argentina
- Australia
- Austria
- Belgium
- Brazil
- Canada
- China“
- Denmark
- European Commission
- Finland
- France
- Germany
- Greece
- Gulf Cooperation Council
- Hong Kong, China
- Iceland
- India
- Ireland
- Israel
- Italy
- Japan
- South Korea
- Luxembourg
- Malaysia
- Mexico
- Netherlands
- New Zealand
- Norway
- Portugal
- Russian Federation
- Saudi Arabia
- Singapore
- South Africa
- Spain
- Sweden
- Switzerland
- Turkey
- United Kingdom
- United States
International Organizations (Headquarters & President/General Secretary)
| International Organizations | Headquarters | President/ General Secretary | Purpose |
| Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB) | Beijing, China | JinLiqun | To support infrastructure development in Asia-Pacific region. |
| New Development Bank (BRICS Development Bank) | Shanghai, China | Marcas Pardo TroyJo | To help member states, provide financial assistance, and support various projects. |
| Asian Development Bank (ADB) | Manila, Philippines | Masatagu Asakawa | To promote social and economic development in Asia |
| Arab Monetary Fund | Abu Dhabi, UAE | Dr. Abdulrahman A. Al. Hamidy | A regional organization to balance payments and boost regional trade/ |
| International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Washington DC, US | Kristalina Georgieva | ● To provide short-term capital to troubled states.
● Helping national governments in managing their exchange rates. ● Oversee fix Exchange rate arrangement between countries. |
| World Bank | Washington DC, US | David Maplass | Provide low interest loans and grants. |
| United Nations Organization (UN) | New York, US | General Secretary: Antonio Guterres | Maintaining world peace and security. |
| United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) | New York, US | Tore Heattrem | Child protection over the globe. |
| United Nations Populations Fund (UNFPA) | New York, US | Dr. Natalia Kanem | To ensure every childbirth is safe, every pregnancy is wanted and every young child reaches potential. |
| United Nations Conference on Trade & Development (UNCTAD) | Geneva, Switzerland | Isabelle Dirant | Dealing with trade and investment issues. |
| World Health Organization (WHO) | Geneva, Switzerland | Dr. Tedros Adhanom | Dealing with health problems worldwide. Protecting against diseases. |
| World Economic Forum | Colongy, Switzerland | Klaus Schwab | To discuss global issues |
| International LabourOrganisation (ILO) | Geneva, Switzerland | Guy Ryder | Monitoring and protecting Labour rights. |
| World Trade Organisation | Geneva, Switzerland | Roberto Ngozi Okonjo | Enhancement and regulation of world trade |
| World Meteorological Organisation | Geneva, Switzerland | Petteri Toalas | It is involved in international coordination and cooperation on state and earth behavior and its interaction with land and oceans |
| World Intellectual Property Organization | Geneva, Switzerland | Daren Tang | Aim to protect and protect intellectual property rights around the globe. |
| International Committee of the Red Cross | Geneva, Switzerland | Peter Maurer | Provide humanitarian assistance to the people of war affected nations. |
| United Nations Education Scientific & Cultural Organization (UNESCO) | Paris, France | Audrey Azoulay | To promote peace and stability around the globe through education and cultural harmony. |
| Organization for Economic Cooperation & Development (OECD) | Paris, France | Jose Angel Gurria | Promote world trade |
| United Nations Industrial Development Organisation (UNIDO) | Vienna, Austria | Li Yong | It aims to advance industrialization in developing your efforts by acting as a liaison between these countries and other UN organizations devoted to this purpose. |
| International Atomic Energy Agency | Vienna, Austria | Rafael Mariane Grossi | To help and motivate in research, development and practical application of atomic energy for peaceful uses |
| Organisation of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) | Vienna, Austria | Mohammad Bakrindo | Regulate oil trade and price. |
| Amnesty International | London, UK | Agnes Callamard | Human rights watchdog. |
| International Maritime Organisation | London, UK | Kitack Lim | To regulate safety of shipping, involved in international trade. |
| Commonwealth of Nations | London, UK | Head: Queen Elizabeth II
Patricia Scotland (Secretary General) |
To the intuition of World Peace Promotion of representative democracy and individual liberty |
| South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) | Kathmandu, Nepal | Amjad Hussain B Sial | To promote economic, social and cultural growth among member states. |
| Association of SouthEast Nations (ASEAN) | Jakarta, Indonesia | Lim Jock Hoi | To enhance economic growth, social progress and cultural development in the region through joint efforts. |
| Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) | Singapore | Chair-person: Jacinda Ardern | To promote economic growth and prosperity for the region. |
| North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) | Brussels, Belgium | Jens Stoltenberg
(Secretary-General) |
Initial purpose was to protect states from communist countries. |
| International Cricket Council (ICC) | Dubai, UAE | Greg Barclay | To regulate International Cricket. |
| Food & Agricultural Organisation (FAO) | Rome, Italy | Qu Dongyu | It aims to fight hunger, poverty and starvation in the world. |
| International Court of Justice | The Hague, Netherlands | Chile Eboe-Osuji | It has 2 main functions :
to settle legal disputes in accordance with international law. To give advice on matters brought to it. |
| International Olympic Committee | Lausanne, Switzerland | Thomas Bach | Promote olympics throughout the world and make the world a better place through sports. |
| The Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) | Zurich, Switzerland | Gianni Infantino | Responsible for managing and organizing international tournaments. |
| The Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) | The Hague, The Netherlands | Fernando Arias | To make earth free from chemical weapons. |
| World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) | Avenue du Mont-Blanc, Gland, Vaud, Switzerland | Pavan Sukhdev | Wildlife protection |
| Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) | Beijing, China | Vladimir Norov | Promote trade, political relations, economy, science and technology among member states. |
UNESCO
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization was created in 1954 with a focus on preserving and protecting the heritage of different historically and culturally significant sites in the world. This was also done to achieve international cooperation and develop an understanding among people of others’ cultures.
Fashion capitals of the world
- Milan, Italy
- Paris, France
- New York, USA
- London, England
Deepest Lake of the World Lake Baikal, Siberia
Non EU European Countries
- Bulgaria
- Romania
- Croatia
- Cyprus
- Ireland
- United Kingdom
Members of the European Union
- Austria
- Italy
- Belgium
- Latvia
- Bulgaria
- Lithuania
- Croatia
- Luxembourg
- Cyprus
- Malta
- Czechia
- Netherlands
- Denmark
- Poland
- Estonia
- Portugal
- Finland
- Romania
- France
- Slovakia
- Germany
- Slovenia
- Greece
- Spain
- Hungary
- Sweden
- Ireland
Facts about European Union
- European Union suspended military assistance to Turkey in 2019 due to Turkey’s offenses in the Syrian Civil War.
- The United Kingdom ceased to be a member of the European Union after the UK took a vote in 2016 to leave the EU. This event is known as ‘Brexit’.
- After Brexit, David Cameron stepped down from his post as Prime Minister.
- He was replaced by Theresa May as the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom.
List of Heads of International Monetary Fund (IMF)
| Name | Country | Tenure |
| Kristalina Georgieva | Bulgaria | 2019- present |
| Christine Lagarde | France | 2011-2019 |
| Dominique Strauss-Kahn | France | 2007-2011 |
| Rodrigo de Rato | Spain | 2004-2007 |
| Horst Kohler | Germany | 2000-2004 |
| Michael Camdessus | France | 1987-2000 |
| Jacques de Larosiere | France | 1978-1987 |
Mottos of International Organizations
| Organisation | Motto |
| World Bank | Working for a World Free of Poverty |
| Amnesty International | It is better to light a candle than to curse the darkness |
| North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) | Animus in consulendo liber – A Mind Unfettered in Deliberation |
| Association of South East Nations (ASEAN) | One vision, One Identity, One community |
| International Chamber of Commerce | The World Business Organization |
| Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) | One world, One Internet |
| World Economic Forum | Committed to improving the state of the world |
| International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) | Advancing Chemistry Worldwide |
| Worldwide Fund for Nature | Building a future in which people and nature thrive |
| African Union | A United and Strong Africa |
| International Olympic Committee | Faster, Higher, Stronger (Citius, Altius, Fortius) |
| Federation Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) | For the Game, For the World. |
| World Chess Federation (FIDE) | Gens una sumus; “We are one people” |
| International Hockey Federation (FIH) | FairPlay Friendship Forever |
| International Cricket Council (ICC) | Great Sport, Great Spirit |
| International Basketball Federation (FIBA) | We are basketball |
| International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) | Inter Arma Caritas (In War, Charity) |
First woman in space Valentina Tereshkova
She went to space on June 16, 1963. A Russian astronaut she was, and she spent more time in space than all the astronauts of US combined i.e., 48 orbits and 71 hours.
List of Space Organizations / Companies / Agencies
| Name | Headquarters | Year of Establish-ment |
| NASA | Washington, D. C. United States | 1958 |
| United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs | Vienna, Austria | 1958 |
| United Nations Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space | Vienna, Austria | 1959 |
| Indian Space Research Organization | Bengaluru, India | 1969 |
| Roscosmos | Moscow, Russia | 1992 |
| JAXA (Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency) | Tokyo, Japan | 2003 |
| Canadian Space Agency | Longueuil, Quebec | 1989 |
| German Aerospace Center | Cologne, Germany | 1959 |
| China National Space Administration | Beijing, China | 1993 |
| Italian Space Agency | Rome, Italy | 1988 |
| UK Space Agency | Swindon, United Kingdom | 2010 |
| Brazilian Space Agency | Brasilia, Distrito Federal | 1994 |
| The Planetary Society | California, United States | 1980 |
| Israel Space Agency | Tel Aviv, Israel | 1983 |
| SUPARCO | Karachi, Pakistan | 1961 |
