High Scoring FPSC CSS General Science and Ability Preparation Book presents comprehensive information about the FPSC CSS syllabus for General Science and Ability. It can be a significant tool for students preparing for competitive exams.
High Scoring FPSC CSS General Science and Ability Preparation Guide:
Salient Features:
- Detailed Coverage of CSS Syllabus
- Theme-wise Questions with Scoring Answers
- Important Diagrams and Figures required for CSS General Science and Ability
- FPSC CSS Past Paper-based Exercises
Table of Contents
Part A – General Science
I. Physical Science
a. Constituents and Structure: – Universe, Galaxy, Light Year, Solar System, Sun, Earth, Astronomical System of Units. 1
• Describe different methods to estimate the age of Universe. 1
• How do galaxies evolve? Give a brief account on the interaction of galaxies. 2
• What is the importance of the Milky Way? What is the composition of planets in our solar system? 3
• Describe the composition of the Sun. 4
• Describe different layers of Earth’s atmosphere. 6
• Write a brief note on tectonic plates. 8
• How are quantities measured in astronomy? 9
b. Process of Nature:- Solar and Lunar Eclipses, Rotation and Revolution, Weather Variables (Global Temperature, Pressure, Circulation, Precipitation, Humidity) and Weather Variations. 10
• Differentiate between the occurrence of Solar and Lunar Eclipse. 10
• Briefly explain what effects are produced due to rotation and revolution of Earth? 11
• What is a mirage? Describe in detail the creation of mirage. 11
• Explain the formation of Lunar Eclipse. 13
• What do you understand by Global Wind and Pressure patterns? Also explain wind and pressure features at higher altitude. 13
• What is circulation? How does it affect the weather? 15
• How does humidity influence other weather variables? What are the different ways to express humidity? 16
• How is global temperature changing and affecting our ecosystem? 17
• How does precipitation take place? 18
• Explain weather variations. 19
c. Natural Hazards and Disasters:- Earth Quake, Volcanic Eruption, Tsunami, Floods, Avalanche, Travelling Cyclone (Tropical Cyclone, Middle Latitude Cyclone and Tornadoes), Drought, Wildfire, Urban Fire. Disaster Risk Management. 20
• What is a tsunami? How the tsunamis are generated and what are their characteristics? 20
• What is an Earthquake? Discuss Richter Scale in this context. What was the intensity of the Earthquake in Pakistan dated 26 October 2005 and where was the locus? 20
• Describe the different causes of Tsunami. Is there any difference between a Tsunami and tidal wave? Name the worst Tsunami ever recorded. 21
• What is the most dangerous part of a hurricane and how do cyclones affect humans? 21
• On 7th April 2012 an Avalanche hit a Pakistan military base in Gayari sector trapping 140 soldiers and civilians under deep snow, what is avalanche; describe its four types with focus on most dangerous type? 22
• World’s largest earthquake was assigned a magnitude of 9.5 by the United States Geological Survey on 22 May 1960 in southern Chile Valdivia. What do you know about earthquakes? Also explain shallow-focus and deep-focus earthquakes. 24
• Differentiate between Middle Latitude Cyclones and Tornadoes. 25
• Write a note on cyclones. How do they form? Also explain typhoons. 25
• The largest recorded volcanic eruption occurred in Indonesia in 1815 which lead to calamity, starvation, and deaths at huge levels. What are volcanic eruptions? What are its three main types? 26
• Drought is a natural disaster. What do you know about it? 27
• How do urban fires and wildfires occur and what is the difference between them? 28
• How can the risk of natural disasters be managed? Explain briefly the points to be considered while coping up with the disaster. 29
d. Energy Resources:- Sources of Energy (Renewable i.e. LED Energy, Solar Energy, Wind Energy and Non-Renewable Energy), conservation and its sustainable use. 30
• Most of the household appliances utilize ‘DC’, then why do we generate ‘AC’ at the power stations? 30
• Differentiate between the Renewable and Non Renewable sources of energy giving examples of each. 30
• Differentiate between the renewable and non-renewable energy sources, briefly explain Geothermal Energy and Hydro Electricity. 31
• What are the different forms in which energy exists? 32
• How can energy be conserved? 33
• What is the mechanism of LED? What are its uses that make it a choice in modern age? 33
• Write a brief note on non-renewable energy conservation and its sustainable use. 34
• How do renewable energy resources replace conventional fuels? 34
• What are the different ways to get benefits from solar energy? 35
• What do you know about wind energy and its harnessing? Also describe wind farm. 36
e. Atomic Structure, Chemical Bonding, Electromagnetic Radiations. 37
• Explain the shape of water molecule with the help of Molecular Orbital Theory, also draw its orbital diagram. 37
• What are the gamma rays? Explain their applications. 37
• Explain the terms Dark Energy and Dark Matter. 38
• Define the term Black Hole. What’s expected inside it? 38
• How can the Sun have such a strong gravitational field if it’s made up of gases? 39
• Explain Electromagnetic spectrum and its components in detail with ranges. 39
• What do you know about UV rays? 41
• What are X rays? Explain its uses. 41
• Write a note on infrared rays. 42
• Write a brief note on chemical bonding. 42
• Differentiate between covalent and ionic bonding. 43
f. Modern Materials/Chemicals:- Ceramics, Plastics, Semiconductors. Antibiotics, Vaccines, Fertilizers, Pesticides. 44
• What are vaccines? Classify these and discuss DNA vaccines in detail. 44
• Why should the excessive use of chemical fertilizers be avoided? 45
• What is the difference between vaccines and anti-biotics? How do vaccines and antibiotics contribute to the health? 45
• What are Pesticides? Explain their different types; why persistent pesticides are more lethal for mankind? 46
• What are the main chemicals in fertilizers? Explain different types of fertilizers. 47
• Why are ceramics important? What are their different kinds? 48
• What is thermosetting and thermoplastic? 49
• Write a note on semiconductors. 49
II. Biological Science
i) The Basis of Life :- Cell Structures and Functions (Subcellular Organelles such as Nucleus, Mitochondria and Ribosomes) 50
• Describe the ‘Cell Structure’. Write down at least three differences between an animal cell and plant cell. 50
• Which organelle is known as the powerhouse of the cell? Explain the structure and functions of that organelle. 51
• Where and in which form is the hereditary material located in the cell? 51
• Explain the structure of the nucleus including the nuclear membrane and nucleolus. 52
• Briefly explain ribosomes, their structure, and function. 53
ii) Biomolecules:- Proteins, Lipids, Carbohydrates and Enzymes. 54
• What is Cholesterol? Discuss its importance, normal blood level and dangers of elevated levels with reference to the health and disease in humans. 54
• Define ‘Carbohydrates’. Describe different steps to digest these in the human body. 55
• People suffering from cardiovascular diseases have a high level of cholesterol in their blood. This often leads to a buildup of fats on the internal arterial walls. Suggest how this might be harmful to the heart. 56
• What are amino acids? Briefly explain the different types. 56
• What are enzymes? What are the different hypothesis to explain mechanism of enzyme action? 57
• How are enzymes inhibited? What factors affect the rate of enzyme action? 58
iii) Plant and Animal Kingdom:- A brief survey of Plant and Animal Kingdom to pinpoint similarities and diversities in nature 60
• Do mammals also lay eggs? If yes, where in the world do they live? Write the name of some of them. 60
• What is the modern classification system? On which base are organisms classified? 60
• What are the different modes of nutrition among organisms? 61
• Write a note on the levels of classification of Kingdom Animalia. 61
• Write a note on photosynthesis. 62
• Briefly explain versatility in groups of Kingdom Plantae. 63
• Write a brief note on the classification of Kingdom Animalia. 64
• Explain the structure of a flower with respect to its role in reproduction. 64
iv) A Brief Account of Human Physiology 66
• ‘Liver is the chief chemist in human body’. Comment. 66
• Draw the structure of the human ear and briefly explain its functions. 67
• Explain osmoregulation. How are kidneys involved in osmoregulation? What other organs contribute to osmoregulation? 68
• Give a brief account on digestion of food in humans. Which organs are involved and how do they contribute? 69
• What is the mechanism of breathing? 70
• Explain structure of a human eye. 71
• What are the different parts of the human heart and how do they pump blood? 73
• What are the different types of muscles and their functions? 74
• What are the different components of blood? 74
• What is the structure of arteries? How is blood pressure generated? 75
v) Common Diseases and Epidemics:- Polio, Diarrhea, Malaria, Hepatitis, Dengue their Causes and Prevention. 76
• What are causative organism and vector for dengue, enlist possible ways of prevention from dengue. 76
• Explain in detail the common causes of a heart attack. 76
• Differentiate between drug addiction and drug abuse. 78
• Describe different causes and preventions of Polio. 79
• Give a brief account of biotechnology. 79
• What do you know about Hepatitis? Describe its types and write down preventive measures. 80
• Write a note on diarrhea and its treatment. 82
• What is the causative agent of malaria and what is the treatment regimen? 83
• Differentiate between Epidemic, Endemic and Pandemic Diseases. 84
vi) New Model Concept of Producing Bio Fuel Method. 85
• Define the term ‘Bio Fuel’. How is it helpful to promote clean energy? 85
• What are the different stages of biofuel manufacturing? 85
• Define Biomass. Also classify different types of biofuels. 86
III. Environmental Science
i) Environment:- The Atmosphere (Layered Structure and Composition), Hydrosphere (Water Cycle, Major Water Compartments), Biosphere (Major Biomes) and Lithosphere (Minerals and Rocks, Rock Types, Plate Tectonics). 87
• What is hydrological cycle? Discuss its importance. 87
• What is the importance of forests in the economy of the country? 88
• Briefly describe the various segments of atmosphere. How these segments are maintaining the Earth Radiation Balance? 88
• What is lithosphere? Discuss the types of rocks and minerals making up the lithosphere 89
• What is biosphere? Discuss the major biomes of the biosphere 90
ii) Atmospheric Pollution:- Types, Sources, Causes and effects of major air pollutants (COx, Particulate Matter, NOx, SOx, Tropospheric Ozone, Volatile Organic Compounds, Dioxins). Regional and Global air pollution issues (Acid-rain, Ozone Depletion, Greenhouse Effect and Global Warming). International agreements on air pollution control (Montreal Protocol and Kyoto Protocol) 91
• What were the main objectives of Clean Development Mechanism? Also explain the reasons for the criticism on Kyoto Protocol by the developed countries. 91
• Comment on the Green House Effect being a blessing. Also discuss “Enhanced Green House Effect” and its relation with global warming. 92
• What do you mean by Ozone depletion and how we can prevent it? 93
• What is Acid Rain and how is it produced? Briefly describe the dangers associated with it. 94
• Describe the Acid Rain. Describe its causes and how it can be prevented. 96
• Write a comprehensive note on ‘Smog’. 97
• Why are scientists worried about the increase of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere? 98
• List major types of air pollutants, the sources of air pollutants, and their harmful effects. 100
iii) Water Pollution:- Types, sources, causes and effects of major water pollutants (Synthetic Organic Chemicals, Oxygen Demanding Wastes, Plant Nutrients, Thermal Pollution, Infectious Agents, Sediments, Radioactivity, Heavy Metals and Acids). Drinking water quality and standards. 101
• What is ‘Water Pollution’? Discuss its causes and measurement methods. Name the countries with the highest and lowest percentage of it. 101
• Briefly explain the main reasons of water-logging in Pakistan 102
• Discuss the major types of water pollution. 103
iv) Land Pollution:- Solid Waste Management and Disposal. 104
• Differentiate between Sanitary and Industrial Landfills, also describe the land selection criteria for landfills. 104
• What are the factors responsible for environmental pollution? 105
v) Role of Remote Sensing and GIS in Environmental Science 107
• What do you know about the Remote Sensing Techniques? Explain resolution and write down the names of its various types? 107
vi) Population Planning 108
• What is population planning? Discuss its types and methods. 108
IV. Food Science
i) Concept of Balance Diet:- Vitamins, Carbohydrates, Protein, Fats and Oil, Minerals, Fiber. 109
• What is the significance of Vitamins? Describe the sources, uses and deficiency symptoms of fat soluble vitamins. 109
• Write a comprehensive note on ‘Balanced Diet’. 110
• Deficiency of vitamins cause different human diseases some of which are given in the table below. Choose the correct type of vitamin from the box and write in front of each disease. 111
• What are carbohydrates? Classify and given detail of each class along with examples. 111
• What is the importance of fiber in our diet? 112
• Which minerals are essential for human? What are some of the most important roles by minerals in our body? 113
• Why are proteins a vital nutrient for our body? 114
• Differentiate between good and bad cholesterol. 114
• Briefly describe fats and oils. 115
ii) Quality of Food:- Bioavailability of Nutrients, Appearance, Texture, Flavor, Quality of Packed and Frozen Food, Food Additives, Preservatives and Antioxidants. 116
• Discuss importance of preservatives and antioxidants in food. 116
• Why is bioavailability important and what factors influence bioavailability? 116
• How is the quality, flavor, and appearance of food maintained when packaged? 117
• Why is food frozen and how is its quality affected by freezing? 118
iii) Food Deterioration and its Control:- Causes of Food Deterioration, Adulteration, Food Preservation. 119
• Discuss different methods of Food preservation. 119
• Write a note on food adulteration and deterioration. 120
V. Information Technology
i) Computer (Hardware & Software Fundamentals); I/O Processing and Data Storage, Networking & Internet Standards, Application and Business Software, Social Media Websites, Information Systems, Fundamentals of Artificial Intelligence. 121
• Write a short note on artificial intelligence. 121
• Differentiate between ROM and RAM. 122
• Explain three basic buses employed in computer and explain what each is used for. 122
• Draw a basic computer block diagram and briefly explain the function of each part. 124
• Describe various types of computers classified on the basis of size, memory, capacity and speed. 125
• Write a note on how data is stored on a ‘Hard disk’. 126
• What is ‘Artificial Intelligence’? How is it helpful for humanity? 126
• What is Open System Interconnections (OSI) and describe its layers? 127
• What are Internet Protocols? Briefly discuss the most common type of Internet Protocols used. 128
• What is Social Media? Discuss its types. 128
ii) Telecommunications:- Basics of Wireless Communication (Mobile, Satellite, Surveillance and GPS and Fiber Optic, etc. 129
• Write short notes on fiber optics and Global Positioning System 129
• How is an ‘Optical Fibre’ constructed? How is it helpful in transmitting the electromagnetic radiations? 130
• Give a brief account of Optic Fibers. What is their importance in present day telecom system? 131
• Where and how Fiber Optics are used? Also write down their advantages and disadvantages. 132
• What is GPS? How does it work? 133
• Explain the basic principles of how a cellular phone works. 133
• How does a satellite work? Also explain what satellites are used for. 134
Part B: General Ability/REASONING
I. Quantitative Ability
a) Basic Arithmetic, Algebra and Geometry (Average, Ratios, Rates, Percentage, Angles, Triangles, Sets, Remainders, Equations, Symbols, Rounding of Numbers 135
• Integers 135
• Exponents and Roots 139
• Fractions 140
• Decimals 143
• Average 144
• Percentage 146
• Ratios 148
• Proportion 150
• Probability & Counting 152
• Algebra 161
• Solid Geometry 167
• Plane Geometry 179
• Sets 194
• Rounding Numbers 199
• Mathematical Symbols 200
• Geometry Symbols 200
• Algebraic Symbols 201
• Linear Algebra Symbols 202
• Set Symbols 202
• Comprehensive Practice 204
• Random Sampling 215
• Past Paper Questions 216
II. Logical Reasoning and Analytical Reasoning
a) Logical Reasoning 234
• Question format 234
• How to Attempt 234
• Example Questions with Answers and Explanations 236
• Sample Questions with Answers 239
b) Analytical Reasoning 243
• Basics 243
• Strategies for solving the questions 243
• Common Type of Questions 244
• Important Key Points 245
• Solved Examples 245
• Sample Questions with Answers 248
• Past Paper Questions 261
III. Mental Abilities
a) Verbal Intelligence Test 268
• General Instructions 268
• Practice Questions 269
Solved Paper
• CSS General Science and Ability 2021 Solved Paper 278
What is the syllabus for FPSC CSS General Science and Ability?
I. Physical Sciences
Constituents and Structure:- Universe, Galaxy, Light Year, Solar System, Sun, Earth, Astronomical System of Units.
Process of Nature:- Solar and Lunar Eclipses, Rotation and Revolution, Weather Variables (Global Temperature, Pressure, Circulation, Precipitation, Humidity) and Weather Variations.
Natural Hazards and Disasters:- EarthQuake, Volcanic Eruption, Tsunami, Floods, Avalanche, Travelling Cyclone (Tropical Cyclone, Middle Latitude Cyclone and Tornadoes), Drought, Wildfire, Urban Fire. Disaster Risk Management.
Energy Resources:- Sources of Energy (Renewable i.e. LED Energy, Solar Energy, Wind Energy and Non-Renewable Energy conservation and its sustainable use.
Atomic Structure, Chemical Bonding, Electromagnetic Radiations.
Modern Materials/Chemicals:- Ceramics, Plastics, Semiconductors. Antibiotics, Vaccines, Fertilizers, Pesticides.
II. Biological Sciences
The Basis of Life :- Cell Structures and Functions (Subcellular Organelles such as Nucleus, Mitochondria and Ribosomes).
Biomolecules:- Proteins, Lipids, Carbohydrates and Enzymes.
Plant and Animal Kingdom:- A brief survey of plant and animal kingdom to pinpoint similarities and diversities in nature.
A Brief Account of Human Physiology.
Common Diseases and Epidemics:- Polio, Diarrhea, Malaria, Hepatitis, Dengue their Causes and Prevention.
New Model Concept of Producing BIO Fuel Method
III. Environmental Science
Environment:- The Atmosphere (Layered Structure and Composition), Hydrosphere (Water Cycle, Major Water Compartments), Biosphere (Major Biomes) and Lithosphere (Minerals and Rocks, Rock Types, Plate Tectonics).
Atmospheric Pollution:- Types, Sources, Causes and effects of major air pollutants (COx, Particulate Matter, NOx, SOx, Tropospheric Ozone, Volatile Organic Compounds, Dioxins). Regional and Global air pollution issues (Acid-rain, Ozone Depletion, Greenhouse Effect and Global Warming). International agreements on air pollution control (Montreal Protocol and Kyoto Protocol).
Water Pollution:- Types, sources, causes and effects of major water pollutants (Synthetic Organic Chemicals, Oxygen Demanding Wastes, Plant Nutrients, Thermal Pollution, Infectious Agents, Sediments, Radioactivity, Heavy Metals and Acids). Drinking water quality and standards.
Land Pollution:- Solid waste management and disposal.
Role of Remote Sensing and GIS in Environmental Science.
Population Planning.
IV. Food Science
Concept of Balance Diet:- Vitamins, Carbohydrates, Protein, Fats and oil, Minerals, Fiber.
Quality of Food:- Bioavailability of Nutrients, Appearance, Texture, Flavor, Quality of Packed and Frozen Food, Food Additives, Preservatives and Antioxidants
Food Deterioration and its Control:- Causes of Food Deterioration, Adulteration, Food Preservation.
V. Information Technology
Computer (Hardware & Software Fundamentals); I/O Processing and data storage, Networking & Internet Standards, Application and business Software, Social Media Websites. Information Systems. Fundamentals of artificial intelligence.
Telecommunications:- Basics of Wireless Communication (Mobile, Satellite, Surveillance and GPS and Fiber Optic etc
Part – II (General Ability) 40 Marks
VI. Quantitative Ability/Reasoning
Basic Mathematical Skills.
Concepts and ability to reason quantitatively and solve problems in a quantitative setting.
Basic Arithmetic, Algebra and Geometry (Average, Ratios, Rates, Percent age, Angles, Triangles, Sets, Remainders, Equations, Symbols, Rounding of Numbers
Random Sampling
VII. Logical Reasoning and Analytical Reasoning/Ability
Logical Reasoning includes the process of using a rational, systematic series of steps based on sound mathematical procedures and given statements to arrive at a conclusion.
Analytical Reasoning/Ability includes visualizing, articulating and solving both complex and uncomplicated problems and concepts and making decisions that are sensible based on available information, including demonstration of the ability to apply logical thinking to gathering and analyzing information.
VIII. Mental Abilities
Mental Abilities Scales that measures specific constructs such as verbal, mechanical, numerical and social ability
How to Use High Scoring FPSC CSS General Science and Ability Preparation guide?
To get maximum benefit from this book, it is important to first cover all the chapters according to the syllabus. Furthermore, after covering the syllabus, you should practice with the theme wise questions provided to you, in order to structure your answers in an excellent way according to the FPSC CSS requirement for General Science and Ability Paper. After that, you should be able to confidently solve all past paper exercises provided to you in the CSS General Science and Ability Preparation Guide.
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